Blood Group

Determination of Blood 

Before doing transpusi, need to make the determination of blood group recipient and donor blood type that can exactly fit this classification is called the blood and carried out in the following ways:

At first the red blood cells diluted with saline, then mixed with one part anti-A agglutinin, whereas the other part is mixed with Aglutinin Anti-B after a few minutes examined under a microscope.

If the clumping of blood cells means "teraglutinasi" we know that there has been an antigen antibody reaction.

Classification of cell agglutination SHOW WITH BLOOD FROM DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUP AGLUTININ WITH ANTI-A AND ANTI-B.

        Group Serum Red Blood Cells                                              Anti-A                 Anti-B

O                                                                            -                         -

A                                                                            +                        -

B                                                                             -                        +

AB                                                                          +                        +

The table above lists the place (+) or non-occurrence of (-) agglutination in each of the four blood types, type O red blood cells do not have Aglutinogen and therefore does not react with serum anti-A or anti-blood B.Golongan Aglutinogen A and A has therefore Aglutinin beraglutinasi with Anti-A.

Blood type B and B has Aglutinogen beraglutinasi with anti-B serum, blood type AB has A and B as well Aglutinogen Beraglutinasi with both types of these.

(Filipinos W.B Saunders Co., 1994).

Dr.Landsteiner and Donath find antigen (aglutinogen) in red blood cells and also found antibody (agglutinin) contained in blood plasma.

Based on these kinds of antigens were found, his blood type became divided into 4 groups, namely as in table 5.1 below:

     Table 5.1 Blood group antigens based range


       blood group             Aglutinogen                agglutinin
1             A                            A                               α
2             B                             B                               Β
3            AB                      A and B                         No
4            O                            No                         α and β
   
Principle:



Because it will cause clotting in blood transfusions, to note the type of blood donors in aglutinogen eritrositnya, while the recipient need to be considered within the range of agglutinin in the blood plasma. Landsteiner law states that if a substance meets aglutinogen antinya (aglutinin), there will be blood agglutination or clumping.

(Sugiyarto, 1997: 100-101).

Consider the possibility of blood transfusions each blood type and various blood groups.

Description:

A blood type to donate blood to bias only the blood group A and AB and received blood from blood group A and O.

Type B blood can donate blood only to B and AB blood groups and received blood from blood group B and O.

AB blood type can donate blood only to the blood group AB alone and receives blood from all blood groups (A, B, AB and O) is therefore referred to as the AB blood type universal recipient.

Type O blood can donate blood to all blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) and received blood from blood group O only, and is therefore referred to as blood group O universal donor.


Terdapatantigen and antibodies in the blood. Blood cell antigens terdapatdidalam aglutinogen ie, while the antibodies contained in blood plasma and called agluseltinin.Aglutinogen cause blood cells sensitized agglutination (clumping). The existence aglutinogen and agglutinin in the blood was first discovered by Karl Landsteiner and Donath.

In the blood there are two types aglutinogen, namely aglutinogen aglutinogen A and B.Based on the presence or absence aglutinogen in the blood, Landsteiner divide the four kinds of blood, the blood groups A, B, AB, and O. Classification system is called system ABO blood.

Blood

Blood is a red suspense contained in these red darah.Warna vessel can vary depending on the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels contained therein.

The volume of blood in the body of an adult male between 5 to 6 liters, while in adult women between 4 to 5 liters of I or more twelve-third less body weight.

Human blood consists of two main components, namely blood cells and plasma darah.Sel blood cells there are 3 kinds of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (blood clotting cells or keeping the seams blood.) blood cells and platelets-keeping formed from stem cells (cells of origin) of the same.

a. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Set)

Bikonkaf shaped red blood cells, such as discs with cytoplasm inside the cell membrane is elastic. In adult males in 1 mm3 of blood contained approximately 5 jutsa red blood cells, whereas in women only 4 million cells. Erythrocytes formed in bone marrow. When he was young to have cell nuclei, but as adults and circulate in the blood circulation, the point is lost. Yellowish color of erythrocytes and in the cytoplasm contained a red pigment called hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein containing hemin iron compounds are very sensitive to oxygen. In the lungs of hemoglobin and oxygen to form aksihemoglobin (Hb02) are transported throughout the body. In tissue cells, OZ released again and used for cell respiration. Nudian ^ Hb to bind C02 (results respiration) becomes HbC02 and transported to the lungs for expulsion from the body.

Red blood cells formed in the red bone marrow, such as sternum; seiangka bones, and joints in the spine. Formation for seven days. At first the virgin cells: h has a red core.later formed the core disappears and hemoglobin. Once formed, red blood cells are released from the place of manufacture and get into the blood circulation system.

Erythrocyte life span is only about 120 days or 4 months, then dismantled in daiam liver and spleen. Most of the hemoglobin is converted to bilirubin and biliverdin, which is the green pigment that yell the color of bile. Result of the decomposition of hemoglobin iron delivered to the liver and spleen, then used to form a new erythrocytes. Approximately 200 000 red blood cells are formed and reformed '(destroyed) every day. The amount is less than 1% of the total.

At high altitudes, for example in the mountains, reduced levels of oxygen in the air so that oxygen into the lungs is reduced. To maintain balance, the red marrow produces "more red blood cells.

To determine whether the formation of new red blood cells in the bone marrow and the occurrence, can be done "Sternal puncture Test 'or prick test sternum. "Sternal puncture Test 'or sternum prick test done by sticking a large needle into the chest bone up on the spongia bone (bone cavities), then by means of suction or suction devices, sucked a little liquid in it. After that, examined under a microscope how the growth of red blood cells. In this way can also be determined blood diseases.

Anemia is a disease of the blood less, namely shortage of red blood cells so that the hemoglobin was reduced. It was in, caused iron deficiency in the diet or failure of red marrow to form red blood cells. Patients with anemia usually feel weak, sukarbernapas.and quickly feel ielah. Iron deficiency in the body can be overcome by eating lots of meat and liver or tablet containing iron.

Red blood cells in the body can be reduced because a large wound to bleed a lot or because of germs, such as malaria and hookworm, which destroy red blood cells. If less red marrow produces red blood cells, can be overcome by feeding liver or liver extract.Vitamin B "can stimulate the formation of red blood cells.

b. Platelets (Chips, Chips of Blood).

The fragments of the blood called platelets. The shape is oval, very small, and can only be viewed with a microscope. Produced by sprout in the bone marrow. In 1 mm3 of blood there to 350,000 150,000 to platelet cells. Platelets have no nucleus, can be attached to the injured area on the walls of blood vessels. The size is 3-4 microns, about 10 days old. Platelets easy to rupture and release enzymes that break trombokinase or thromboplastin. This enzyme plays a role in blood clotting process.

Blood clotting process as follows. If injury occurs, blood came out so that contact with the air. Platelets are the blood would burst out together because of rubbing against the wound and remove trombokinase or thromboplastin. With the help of Ca ions ", thromboplastin convert prothrombin into thrombin in the blood.

Prothrombin is a compound which is soluble in plasma globulin and made in the liver with the help of vitamin K. If a deficiency of vitamin K, prothrombin formation disrupted.Thus, the blood clotting process is also disrupted. Blood disease called hemofiha hard freezes.

To avoid clotting during blood sampling, can be prevented by giving a solution of sodium salt or sodium oxalate to bind Ca "so as not to form thrombin; provide anticoagulation substances (eg heparin), preventing contact with a rough area, for example using a sharp needle, the surface of the tool a slick and smooth, and store in cold blood

Blood plasma

Blood plasma is the liquid part of blood or blood fluids, approximately 55% of the large darah.Sebagian plasma (90% - 93%) consists of water and the remainder a variety of substances dissolved in it Substances dissolved in the plasma Blood can be grouped as follows.

a. Blood proteins, composed of several amino acids. Blood protein is as follows. °

1) Albumin, useful to maintain osmotic balance of blood pressure.

2) Globulin, gamaglobulin role in the formation, which is an important component antibodies.

3) Fibrinogen, plays an important role in blood clotting.

b. Nutrients and minerals, such as glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, garamineral clan-shaped salt ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, phosphate, and hydrogen karbc ^ ~: sodium hydrogen carbonate, and bicarbonate (NaHC03) '

c. Substances produced by cells, such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies clan.

d. Metabolic waste substances such as uric acid urea clan.

e. Respiratory gases contained in the plasma, such as 02 and C02.

Serum is blood plasma is removed or separated by means reverses fibrinogennya: = blood in the centrifuges. Serum is very clear and can contain antibodies.

When a foreign protein into the body, the body attempts to destroy it. As proteins, which enter the body called antigens clan substances called antibodies or antigens reject anti.

Based on how it works, antibodies can be distinguished as follows.

a. Aglutinin: agglomerate toxin antigen.

b. Presipitin: precipitate antigen

c. Antitoxin: neutralize

d. Lysine: outlines antigen.

5. Blood and Transfusion

In the blood there are antigens and antibodies. Antigens contained in blood cells that is aglutinogen, whereas antibodies present in blood plasma called aglutinin clan.Aglutinogen blood cells resulted in cells susceptible to agglutination (clumping). The existence aglutinogen aglutinin clan in this blood i first discovered by Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943) and Donath.

In addition to group ABO system, there is another class of the Rhesus factor (Rh), which was discovered by Landsteiner and Wiener in 1940. If the blood was given anti-Rh serum and clotting was happening, they say tersebutt Type Rhesus positive (Rh ") and if it does not happen clumping, Type Rhesus negative (Rh -).

Group Rh incompatibility between husband and wife may lead to death in the baby. If the husband's blood type is Rh-and Rh-wife, who conceived a child with blood type Rh + and Rh antigens are formed in the resulting baby's blood clotting. Selamafi first childbirth, but the next baby will suffer from jaundice or called erythroblastosis fefialis.

According to Philip Levine, AS serology expert, the incident could be helped by "replacing" the blood:, ay, se? Uruhnya. Darri results of the investigation, turned out more human Type daripacia Rh-Rh *.

In 1927, Landsteiner and Levine found antigen blood daiam astronomer, a, vaing IVL and was named antigen; iN can be determined so that someone Type M, N, and MN